Paul’s Missing “Double Bunk” in 1 Corinthians 14:36
by Donald Johnson
The pericope (teaching unit) is 1 Cor 14:26-40. I give it first as translated from the ESV, an admittedly non-egalitarian translation.
26 What then, brothers? When you come together, each one has a hymn, a lesson, a revelation, a tongue, or an interpretation. Let all things be done for building up. 27 If any speak in a tongue, let there be only two or at most three, and each in turn, and let someone interpret. 28 But if there is no one to interpret, let each of them keep silent in church and speak to himself and to God. 29 Let two or three prophets speak, and let the others weigh what is said. 30 If a revelation is made to another sitting there, let the first be silent. 31 For you can all prophesy one by one, so that all may learn and all be encouraged, 32 and the spirits of prophets are subject to prophets. 33 For God is not a God of confusion but of peace. 34 As in all the churches of the saints, the women should keep silent in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak, but should be in submission, as the Law also says. 35 If there is anything they desire to learn, let them ask their husbands at home. For it is shameful for a woman to speak in church 36 Or was it from you that the word of God came? Or are you the only ones it has reached? 37 If anyone thinks that he is a prophet, or spiritual, he should acknowledge that the things I am writing to you are a command of the Lord. 38 If anyone does not recognize this, he is not recognized. 39 So, my brothers, earnestly desire to prophesy, and do not forbid speaking in tongues. 40 But all things should be done decently and in order. 1 Cor 14:26-40 (ESV)
The underlined be silentshows the same Greek word sigao, so as a first pass it should be interpreted to mean the same thing in all 3 places, namely be silent (as in shut up). Some translations do not show this.
Questions and answers about the above text:
A) In 1 Cor 14:26 each one (the Greek hekastos is inclusive and not specific to gender) has some verbal offering, so why are women later told to keep silent? This is a key insight as it seemsto be a contradiction.
B) Given that 1 Cor 11 talks about women praying and prophesying in church, how can women speaking in church be shameful? This seemsto be another contradiction.
C) Regarding implementing 1 Cor 14:34-35, what is a single/divorced/widowed woman to do? The instructions seemincomplete.
D) What is the law in 1 Cor 14:34? This is the key question.
The word “law” (Greek nomos) might refer to civil law (in this case, Roman law in the 1st century), the Torah/Pentateuch of Moses, the entire Tanakh (or Written Torah, the Old Testament) or the so-called Oral Torah of the Pharisees, which was later written down in the Jewish Mishnah about 200 CE. As this is discussing church, why should Roman civil law apply? There is no command for women to be silent or in submission in the Tanakh/OT, but there is in the Mishnah, which is how we can figure out what Greek nomos/law means.
Mishnah sotah 3.4; B sotah 20a: Out of respect to the congregation, a woman should not herself read in the law. It is a shame for a woman to let her voice be heard among men. The voice of a woman is filthy nakedness.
E) The key verse is 1 Cor 14:36 and it is important to see that the Tanakh/OT includes contributions from both men and women who were inspired by God to prophesy and otherwise speak authoritatively in the most authoritative way possible, namely Scripture. In other words, Paul is using an indirect reference to the Tanakh to repudiate the claims of the legalististic believers who were influenced by the Oral Torah of the Pharisees, probably Messiah-believing Pharisees.
Note also that 1 Cor 14:26 (each one has … a lesson …) contradicts what is stated in 1 Cor 14:34-35, but when it is realized that these statements are from Corinth (like others in the letter) and repudiated by Paul, then the whole pericope flows and makes sense.
My translation of 1 Cor 14:33b-36:
1 Cor 14:33b [Corinthian legalists:] “As in all the assemblies of the holy ones (Jews),
1Co 14:34 the women should keep silent in the assemblies. For they are not permitted to speak, but should be in submission, as the [Oral] Law also says.
1Co 14:35 If there is anything they desire to learn, let them ask their husbands at home. For it is shameful for a woman to speak in the assembly.”
1Co 14:36 [Paul:] Bunk! Was it from you [Corinthian legalists] that the word of God came? Bunk! Are you [Corinthian legalists] the only ones it has reached?
1 Cor 14 Chiasm (Color coded parallel structure, key part is in center)
A 26 Allbelievers can have a verbal contribution
–B 27-28 Tongues – be silentif no interpreter
—-C 29-33a Prophecy – be silentif another speaks
——-D 33b-35 Legalists: “Women be silent”
——-D’ 36-38 Paul: “Bunk! Bunk! Women can speak”
—-C’ 39a Prophecy – desire to prophesy
–B’ 39b Tongues – do not forbid
A’ 40 Allthings done decently and in order
By reverse engineering the whole pericope, one can hopefully see that the problem was chaos in the Corinthian church as too many were speaking at the same time. To address this chaos, some Corinthian legalists proposed doing what the Jewish synagogues did, namely keep women quiet; this reduces the potential speakers by half. Paul would have none of that, but he does give guidelines so things will be done in order.
Note that Paul uses the same word (sigao/silence) as the legalists used, but in an appropriate way, to maintain order. The underlined Allin the A-A’ pairing shows the paired concept. As there are no quote marks in Koine Greek (they were not invented yet), quotes are determined by the translator based on context. The people at Corinth would recognize the quote, but it is more challenging for us today, which is why recognizing the 2 Greek eta’s in 1 Cor 14:36 as expletives of repudiation are so important. The closest English term would be “Pfffft!” but I translate it as “Bunk!” to make it more pronounceable, other expletives like “Garbage!”, “Nonsense!” or similar are also possible. Paul uses this term many times in 1 Cor, it is as if he was speaking to the congregation, recall that most could not read so the letter would be read aloud to the congregation. Also, the letter carrier would know which meaning of the unaccented Greek e (eta) would be correct, that is, whether it should be understood as simply “Or” or as “Bunk!”. Today, we need to try our best to figure out which potential meaning makes the best fit.
Note: The chiasm idea I got from David Joel Hamilton in his book “Why Not Women?”, but I have slightly modified it.
